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Use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers in context of COVID

Jiuyang Xu, Chaolin Huang, Guohui Fan, Zhibo Liu, Lianhan Shang, Fei Zhou, Yeming Wang, Jiapei Yu, Luning Yang, Ke Xie, Zhisheng Huang, Lixue Huang, Xiaoying Gu, Hui Li, Yi Zhang, Yimin Wang, Frederick G. Hayden, Peter W. Horby, Bin Cao, Chen Wang

《医学前沿（英文）》 2020年 第14卷 第5期   页码 601-612 doi: 10.1007/s11684-020-0800-y

摘要： The possible effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) on COVID-19 disease severity have generated considerable debate. We performed a single-center, retrospective analysis of hospitalized adult COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China, who had definite clinical outcome (dead or discharged) by February 15, 2020. Patients on anti-hypertensive treatment with or without ACEI/ARB were compared on their clinical characteristics and outcomes. The medical records from 702 patients were screened. Among the 101 patients with a history of hypertension and taking at least one anti-hypertensive medication, 40 patients were receiving ACEI/ARB as part of their regimen, and 61 patients were on anti-hypertensive medication other than ACEI/ARB. We observed no statistically significant differences in percentages of in-hospital mortality (28% vs. 34%, =0.46), ICU admission (20% vs. 28%, =0.37) or invasive mechanical ventilation (18% vs. 26%, =0.31) between patients with or without ACEI/ARB treatment. Further multivariable adjustment of age and gender did not provide evidence for a significant association between ACEI/ARB treatment and severe COVID-19 outcomes. Our findings confirm the lack of an association between chronic receipt of renin-angiotensin system antagonists and severe outcomes of COVID-19. Patients should continue previous anti-hypertensive therapy until further evidence is available.

关键词： COVID-19     SARS-CoV-2     hypertension     angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor     angiotensin II receptor blocker    

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中国抗击新型冠状病毒的策略与进展 Review

刘薇, 关伟杰, 钟南山

《工程（英文）》 2020年 第6卷 第10期   页码 1076-1084 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.10.003

摘要：

新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）是21世纪第三次由冠状病毒引发的流行病，并导致全球大规模感染和死亡，造成全球性公共卫生事件。基于在防控重症急性呼吸综合征（SARS）和中东呼吸综合征（MERS）两次疫情中积累的经验，中国迅速确定病毒传播途径，总结临床特点，提出治疗干预措施并开展疫苗研发，在科学界发挥了关键作用。尽管针对COVID-19的研究取得了快速进展，但在追溯病毒起源、明确传播途径和解析致病机制等方面仍有待进一步研究。目前仍需建立更具针对性的临床治疗方案以及研发特效药。本文总结了中国针对COVID-19防控的主要策略及研究进展，以期为全球疫情防控提供有用的信息。

关键词： 新冠病毒肺炎     血管紧张素转换酶     免疫反应     炎症     临床特征     治疗     疫苗    

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Renin--angiotensin system inhibitor is associated with the reduced risk of all-cause mortality in COVID

《医学前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第1期   页码 102-110 doi: 10.1007/s11684-021-0850-9

摘要： Consecutively hospitalized patients with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China were retrospectively enrolled from January 2020 to March 2020 to investigate the association between the use of renin–angiotensin system inhibitor (RAS-I) and the outcome of this disease. Associations between the use of RAS-I (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB)), ACEI, and ARB and in-hospital mortality were analyzed using multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models in overall and subgroup of hypertension status. A total of 2771 patients with COVID-19 were included, with moderate and severe cases accounting for 45.0% and 36.5%, respectively. A total of 195 (7.0%) patients died. RAS-I (hazard ratio (HR)=0.499, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.325–0.767) and ARB (HR=0.410, 95% CI 0.240–0.700) use was associated with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality among patients with COVID-19. For patients with hypertension, RAS-I and ARB applications were also associated with a reduced risk of mortality with HR of 0.352 (95% CI 0.162–0.764) and 0.279 (95% CI 0.115–0.677), respectively. RAS-I exhibited protective effects on the survival outcome of COVID-19. ARB use was associated with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality among patients with COVID-19.

关键词： COVID-19     RAS inhibitor     hypertension     all-cause mortality    

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Influence of β-elemene on the secretion of angiotensin II and expression of AT1R in hepatic stellate

Ling YANG, Rui ZHU, Qingjing ZHU, Dan DAN, Jin YE, Keshu XU, Xiaohua HOU

《医学前沿（英文）》 2009年 第3卷 第1期   页码 36-40 doi: 10.1007/s11684-009-0020-y

摘要： This study aims to investigate the influence of β-elemene on the secretion of angiotensin II (ANG II) and the expression of angiotensin receptor type 1 (AT1R) in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). , HSC-T6 were cultured for 24 hours and then treated with different doses of β-elemene (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/L). A control group was also set up. The secretion of ANG II in the supernatant was detected by radioimmunoassay. The mRNA expression of AT1R at 4, 12 and 24 h after treatment was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively. The protein expression of AT1R was detected by western blot. At the 4th h, the ANG II secretion in the supernatant was significantly inhibited by 10 mg/L β-elemene compared with the control group ( <0.05), while 5.0 mg/L and 2.5 mg/L β-elemene had no inhibitory effect on the secretion of ANG II ( >0.05). At the time point of the 12th h, the secretion of ANG II in the supernatant treated with 10 mg/L and 5.0 mg/L β-elemene was significantly lower than the control ( <0.01, <0.05). Following the treatment with 5.0 mg/L and 2.5 mg/L β-elemene for 24 h, significant inhibition of ANG II secretion was observed ( <0.05), but 10 mg/L β-elemene had no such effect. β-elemene significantly reduced the amount of AT1R mRNA in HSCs after the treatment for 4, 12, and 24 h in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of AT1R protein also decreased after the treatment with β-elemene for 24 h. β-elemene can inhibit the secretion of ANG II and the gene and protein expression of AT1R, which may be the mechanism by which β-elemene prevents the progress of hepatic fibrosis.

关键词： liver cirrhosis     beta-elemene     hepatic stellate cells     angiotensin II     receptor     angiotensin     type 1    

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Designer enzyme for green materials innovation: Lactate-polymerizing enzyme as a key catalyst

Seiichi Taguchi

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年 第11卷 第1期   页码 139-142 doi: 10.1007/s11705-017-1636-0

摘要： Establishment of the regeneratable whole-cell catalyst platform for the?production of biobased polymeric materials is a?typical topic of synthetic biology. In this commentary, discovery story of a “lactate-polymerizing enzyme” (LPE)?and LPE-based?achievements for creating a new variety of polyesters with incorporated unnatural monomers are presented. Besides the importance of microbial platform itself is discussed referring to the “ballooning”- .

关键词： synthetic biology     enzyme evolutionary engineering     polyhydroxyalkanoate    

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Power to gas: addressing renewable curtailment by converting to hydrogen

Xiaohe YAN, Xin ZHANG, Chenghong GU, Furong LI

《能源前沿（英文）》 2018年 第12卷 第4期   页码 560-568 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0588-5

摘要： Renewable energy is the key to meeting increasing electricity demand and the decarburization targets in the generation mix. However, due to constrained power network capacity, a large volume of renewable generation is curtailed particularly from wind power, which is a huge waste of resources. There are typically three approaches to addressing excessive renewable: direct curtailment, the reinforcement of networks to expand transfer capacity, and the conversion of excessive renewable into other energy types, such as hydrogen, to transport. The costs and benefits of the three approaches could vary significantly across location, time, and penetration of renewable energy. This paper conducts a cost-benefit analysis and comparison of the three techniques to address wind curtailment. It uses a reduced 16-busbar UK transmission network to analyze the performance of the three approaches. The UK 2020 generation mix is used to quantify the saved renewable energy and incurred costs. The payback time and net present value of the two investment techniques are compared. From demonstration, it is reasonable to conclude that converting excessive wind power into hydrogen to transport is an environmentally friendly and cost-effective way to address wind curtailment.

关键词： blending hydrogen     cost-benefit analysis     electrolysis     wind curtailment    

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Effects of RNA interference targeting angiotensin 1a receptor on blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy

ZHANG Jingqun, SUN Honglei, MA Yexin, WANG Daowen

《医学前沿（英文）》 2008年 第2卷 第1期   页码 19-24 doi: 10.1007/s11684-008-0005-2

摘要： The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of RNA interference (RNAi) targeting angiotensin 1a receptor (AT1a) on blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy of rats with renovascular hypertension. Two RNAi plasmids, pAT1a-shRNA1 and pAT1a-shRNA2 each carrying a U6 promoter and an AT1a-specific shRNA-coding template sequence corresponding to the sites 928–946, 978–996 of the mRNA transcript, and a control plasmid pCon carrying a nonspecific shRNA-coding sequence were constructed. Thirty Sprague – Dawley rats with renovascular hypertension (2-kidney 1-clip) were randomly divided into 5 equal groups: Control group (without any intervention), pAT1a-shRNA1, pAT1a-shRNA2, pCon groups (with injection of the corresponding plasmid 4 mg/kg respectively into the tail vein), and valsartan group (30 mg/kg·d by gavage). Three weeks after drug administration, pAT1a-shRNA1, pAT1a-shRNA2 and valsartan respectively resulted in decrease of the tail blood pressure by (15.1 ± 5.4), (16.4 ± 8.4) and (30.6 ± 18.2) mmHg. However, the tail blood pressure increased further by about 25 mmHg in both of pCon and control groups. The carotid artery pressures of pAT1a-shRNA1, pAT1a-shRNA2 and valsartan groups were all significantly lower than those of the control and pCon groups. The ratio of left ventricle weight to body weight (LV/BW) of the rats in pAT1a-shRNA1, pAT1a-shRNA2, and valsartan groups decreased significantly than in the control group ( < 0.01), similar to those of the normal SD rats( > 0.05). Histopathological examination showed that the myocardiocytes were significantly hypertrophic and the basal membrane of the aorta was significantly thickened in the control group and such changes were alleviated in the pAT1a-shRNA1, pAT1a-shRNA2 and valsartan groups. Compared with the control group, pAT1a-shRNA1 and pAT1a-shRNA2 groups had lowered expression of AT1 receptor (in the myocardium and the thoracic aorta (all < 0.01); however, there were no significant differences in expression levels of AT1 receptor in valsartan and the control groups ( > 0.05). We conclude that RNAi targeting AT1a receptor inhibits the development of renovascular hypertension and the accompanying cardiac hypertrophy. RNAi technology may become a new strategy of gene therapy for hypertension.

关键词： therapy     Sprague     administration     cardiac hypertrophy     valsartan    

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Influence of glucose feeding on the ligninolytic enzyme production of the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete

ZHOU Xiaoyan, WEN Xianghua, FENG Yan

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2007年 第1卷 第1期   页码 89-94 doi: 10.1007/s11783-007-0017-1

摘要： The present work studied the influence of glucose feeding on the ligninolytic enzyme production of in a nitrogen-limited (C/N ratio is 56/8.8 mmol/L) medium. Several sets of shaking flask experiments were conducted. The results showed that 2 g/L glucose feeding on the first day of the culture (24 h after the inoculation) stimulated both fungal biomass growth and enzyme production. The manganese peroxidase (MnP) activity was 2.5 times greater than that produced in cultures without glucose feeding. Furthermore, the glucose feeding mode in fed-batch culture was also investigated. Compared to cultures with glucose feeding every 48 h, cultures with glucose feeding of 1.5 g/L (final concentration) every 24 h produced more enzymes. The peak and total yield of MnP activity were 2.7 and 3 times greater compared to the contrast culture, respectively, and the enzyme was kept stable for 4 days with an activity of over 200 U/L.

关键词： enzyme production     fed-batch culture     nitrogen-limited     inoculation     mmol/L    

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Diffusion process in enzyme–metal hybrid catalysts

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第6期   页码 921-929 doi: 10.1007/s11705-022-2144-4

摘要： Enzyme–metal hybrid catalysts bridge the gap between enzymatic and heterogeneous catalysis, which is significant for expanding biocatalysis to a broader scope. Previous studies have demonstrated that the enzyme–metal hybrid catalysts exhibited considerably higher catalytic efficiency in cascade reactions, compared with that of the combination of separated enzyme and metal catalysts. However, the precise mechanism of this phenomenon remains unclear. Here, we investigated the diffusion process in enzyme–metal hybrid catalysts using Pd/lipase-Pluronic conjugates and the combination of immobilized lipase (Novozyme 435) and Pd/C as models. With reference to experimental data in previous studies, the Weisz–Prater parameter and efficiency factor of internal diffusion were calculated to evaluate the internal diffusion limitations in these catalysts. Thereafter, a kinetic model was developed and fitted to describe the proximity effect in hybrid catalysts. Results indicated that the enhanced catalytic efficiency of hybrid catalysts may arise from the decreased internal diffusion limitation, size effect of Pd clusters and proximity of the enzyme and metal active sites, which provides a theoretical foundation for the rational design of enzyme–metal hybrid catalysts.

关键词： enzyme–metal hybrid catalyst     internal diffusion     proximity effect     kinetic model    

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Detection of Escherichia coli in wastewater based on enzyme immunoassay

XI Haiyan, CAI Qiang, HE Miao, SHI Hanchang

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2007年 第1卷 第3期   页码 381-384 doi: 10.1007/s11783-007-0065-6

摘要： This research describes a fast detection method on the basis of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for in drainage of wastewater treatment plants. Optimized conditions such as the reaction format (sandwich or direct), the concentrations of diluted horse radish peroxidase (HRP)- conjugate, and anti-HPR antibody and pretreatment of were studied. Those results showed that the linear range of detection for was 10 cfu/mL– 6 × 10 cfu/mL. Compared with conventional methods, it is a convenient and sensitive detection method with low cost.

关键词： conventional     sandwich     pretreatment     enzyme-linked immunosorbent     detection    

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Enzyme@bismuth-ellagic acid: a versatile platform for enzyme immobilization with enhanced acid-base stability

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年 第17卷 第6期   页码 784-794 doi: 10.1007/s11705-022-2278-4

摘要： In situ encapsulation is an effective way to synthesize enzyme@metal–organic framework biocatalysts; however, it is limited by the conditions of metal–organic framework synthesis and its acid-base stability. Herein, a biocatalytic platform with improved acid-base stability was constructed via a one-pot method using bismuth-ellagic acid as the carrier. Bismuth-ellagic acid is a green phenol-based metal–organic framework whose organic precursor is extracted from natural plants. After encapsulation, the stability, especially the acid-base stability, of amyloglucosidases@bismuth-ellagic acid was enhanced, which remained stable over a wide pH range (2–12) and achieved multiple recycling. By selecting a suitable buffer, bismuth-ellagic acid can encapsulate different types of enzymes and enable interactions between the encapsulated enzymes and cofactors, as well as between multiple enzymes. The green precursor, simple and convenient preparation process provided a versatile strategy for enzymes encapsulation.

关键词： bismuth-ellagic acid     in situ encapsulation     enzyme@MOF biocomposites    

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Soil enzyme activities and their indication for fertility of urban forest soil

SHAN Qihua, YU Yuanchun, ZHANG Jinchi, YU Jian

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2008年 第2卷 第2期   页码 218-223 doi: 10.1007/s11783-008-0037-5

摘要： To reveal the biological characteristics of urban forest soil and the effects of soil enzyme on soil fertility as well as the correlation between physicochemical properties and enzyme activities, 44 urban forest soil profiles in Nanjing were investigated. Basic soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activities were analyzed in the laboratory. Hydrogen peroxidase, dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and cellulase were determined by potassium permanganate titration, TTC (CHN·Cl) colorimetry, phenyl phosphate dinatrium colorimetry, and anthrone colorimetry, respectively. The result showed that soil pH, organic carbon (C), and total nitrogen (N) had great effects on hydrogen peroxidase, dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase activities in 0–20 cm thick soil. However, pH only had great effect on hydrogen peroxidase, dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase activities in 20–40 cm thick soil. Hydrogen peroxidase, dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase were important biological indicators for the fertility of urban forest soil. Both in 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm soil, soil enzyme system (hydrogen peroxidase, dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and cellulase) had a close relationship with a combination of physicochemical indicators (pH, organic C, total N, available K, available P, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and microbial biomass carbon (C)). The more soil enzyme activities there were, the higher the fertility of urban forest soil.
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Cofactor engineering in cyanobacteria to overcome imbalance between NADPH and NADH: A mini review

Jongmoon Park,Yunnam Choi

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年 第11卷 第1期   页码 66-71 doi: 10.1007/s11705-016-1591-1

摘要： Cyanobacteria can produce useful renewable fuels and high-value chemicals using sunlight and atmospheric carbon dioxide by photosynthesis. Genetic manipulation has increased the variety of chemicals that cyanobacteria can produce. However, their uniquely abundant NADPH-pool, in other words insufficient supply of NADH, tends to limit their production yields in case of utilizing NADH-dependent enzyme, which is quite common in heterotrophic microbes. To overcome this cofactor imbalance and enhance cyanobacterial fuel and chemical production, various approaches for cofactor engineering have been employed. In this review, we focus on three approaches: (1) utilization of NADPH-dependent enzymes, (2) increasing NADH production, and (3) changing cofactor specificity of NADH-dependent enzymes from NADH to NADPH.

关键词： NADH-dependent enzyme     NADPH-dependent enzyme     transhydrogenase     site-directed mutagenesis     enzyme engineering    

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Comparison between inhibitor and uncoupler for minimizing excess sludge production of an activated sludge

CHEN Guowei, XI Pengge, XU Deqian, YU Hanqing

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2007年 第1卷 第1期   页码 63-66 doi: 10.1007/s11783-007-0012-6

摘要： In order to study the minimization of excess sludge production, the reduction in the excess sludge production in the presence of an inhibitor and uncoupler was studied in this work. The experimental results show that such an addition could effectively reduce the production of excess sludge. With the energy uncoupling model established in this work, energy uncoupling coefficient () was used to evaluate the reduction in excess sludge production. The energy uncoupling coefficients in the presence of dinitrophenol (dNP), Zn, and Cu was 0.75, 0.46, and 0.18, respectively. The analysis demonstrated that energy spilling occurred in the presence of dNP, and that dNP was an effective uncoupler for reducing the production of excess activated sludge without affecting the microbial respiration activity.

关键词： uncoupling coefficient     Cu     minimization     presence     uncoupling    

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Plant diversity reduces the effect of multiple heavy metal pollution on soil enzyme activities and microbial

Yang GAO, Chiyuan MIAO, Jun XIA, Liang MAO, Yafeng WANG, Pei ZHOU

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2012年 第6卷 第2期   页码 213-223 doi: 10.1007/s11783-011-0345-z

摘要： It is unclear whether certain plant species and plant diversity could reduce the impacts of multiple heavy metal pollution on soil microbial structure and soil enzyme activities. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to analyze the genetic diversity and microbial similarity in planted and unplanted soil under combined cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) pollution. A metal hyperaccumulator, , and a common plant, , were used in this research. The results showed that microorganism quantity in planted soil significantly increased, compared with that in unplanted soil with Cd and Pb pollution. The order of microbial community sensitivity in response to Cd and Pb stress was as follows: actinomycetes>bacteria>fungi. Respiration, phosphatase, urease and dehydrogenase activity were significantly inhibited due to Cd and Pb stress. Compared with unplanted soil, planted soils have frequently been reported to have higher rates of microbial activity due to the presence of additional surfaces for microbial colonization and organic compounds released by the plant roots. Two coexisting plants could increase microbe population and the activity of phosphatases, dehydrogenases and, in particular, ureases. Soil enzyme activity was higher in phytoremediated soil than in planted soil in this study. Heavy metal pollution decreased the richness of the soil microbial community, but plant diversity increased DNA sequence diversity and maintained DNA sequence diversity at high levels. The genetic polymorphism under heavy metal stress was higher in phytoremediated soil than in planted soil.

关键词： enzyme activity     soil DNA     microbial population     plant diversity     heavy metal    

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标题 作者 时间 类型 操作

Use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers in context of COVID

Jiuyang Xu, Chaolin Huang, Guohui Fan, Zhibo Liu, Lianhan Shang, Fei Zhou, Yeming Wang, Jiapei Yu, Luning Yang, Ke Xie, Zhisheng Huang, Lixue Huang, Xiaoying Gu, Hui Li, Yi Zhang, Yimin Wang, Frederick G. Hayden, Peter W. Horby, Bin Cao, Chen Wang

期刊论文

中国抗击新型冠状病毒的策略与进展

刘薇, 关伟杰, 钟南山

期刊论文

Renin--angiotensin system inhibitor is associated with the reduced risk of all-cause mortality in COVID

期刊论文

Influence of β-elemene on the secretion of angiotensin II and expression of AT1R in hepatic stellate

Ling YANG, Rui ZHU, Qingjing ZHU, Dan DAN, Jin YE, Keshu XU, Xiaohua HOU

期刊论文

Designer enzyme for green materials innovation: Lactate-polymerizing enzyme as a key catalyst

Seiichi Taguchi

期刊论文

Power to gas: addressing renewable curtailment by converting to hydrogen

Xiaohe YAN, Xin ZHANG, Chenghong GU, Furong LI

期刊论文

Effects of RNA interference targeting angiotensin 1a receptor on blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy

ZHANG Jingqun, SUN Honglei, MA Yexin, WANG Daowen

期刊论文

Influence of glucose feeding on the ligninolytic enzyme production of the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete

ZHOU Xiaoyan, WEN Xianghua, FENG Yan

期刊论文

Diffusion process in enzyme–metal hybrid catalysts

期刊论文

Detection of Escherichia coli in wastewater based on enzyme immunoassay

XI Haiyan, CAI Qiang, HE Miao, SHI Hanchang

期刊论文

Enzyme@bismuth-ellagic acid: a versatile platform for enzyme immobilization with enhanced acid-base stability

期刊论文

Soil enzyme activities and their indication for fertility of urban forest soil

SHAN Qihua, YU Yuanchun, ZHANG Jinchi, YU Jian

期刊论文

Cofactor engineering in cyanobacteria to overcome imbalance between NADPH and NADH: A mini review

Jongmoon Park,Yunnam Choi

期刊论文

Comparison between inhibitor and uncoupler for minimizing excess sludge production of an activated sludge

CHEN Guowei, XI Pengge, XU Deqian, YU Hanqing

期刊论文

Plant diversity reduces the effect of multiple heavy metal pollution on soil enzyme activities and microbial

Yang GAO, Chiyuan MIAO, Jun XIA, Liang MAO, Yafeng WANG, Pei ZHOU

期刊论文